{"id":3905,"date":"2010-04-17T10:50:28","date_gmt":"2010-04-17T07:50:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/?page_id=3905"},"modified":"2012-01-29T02:22:56","modified_gmt":"2012-01-29T00:22:56","slug":"britanya-mitologyasi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/mitolojiler\/britanya-mitologyasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Britanya Mitologyas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Britanya Adalar\u0131 S\u00f6ylenleri<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

BR\u0130TANYA ADALARI S\u00d6YLENLER\u0130 \/ \u0130ngiltere \u2013 Fransa<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Korkak sonsuza dek ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131r
\nSava\u015fta geri durursa.
\nOysa ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 huzuru kalmayacakt\u0131r,
\nM\u0131zraklardan can\u0131n\u0131 kurtarm\u0131\u015f olsa da.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar \u00f6l\u00fcr, akrabalar \u00f6l\u00fcr,
\nHerkes \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr:
\nAma biliyorum \u00f6lmeyen tek \u015fey vard\u0131r,
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015flerin g\u00f6rkemi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Eski Adda, \u201cY\u00fcce Olan\u0131n S\u00f6zleri\u201d
\nP.B. Taylor ve W.H. Auden\u2019den<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015flerin g\u00f6rkemidir \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz olan. B\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fleri ba\u015farabilmi\u015f oland\u0131r \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fcz olan, ad\u0131 sonsuza kadar ya\u015fayacak olan. Evet! Sonsuza kadar ya\u015famak m\u0131 isterdiniz yoksa \u00f6l\u00fcp efsane olmak m\u0131? \u015eahsen ben efsane olarak… Tabi ki \u201csonsuza kadar ya\u015famak\u201d daha ne olacakt\u0131!!! Neyse…<\/p>\n


\nKISACA M\u0130TOLOJ\u0130…<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Geleneksel olarak, klasik \u201cmitoloji\u201d ad\u0131 verilen \u015fey, ne basit, ne de tutarl\u0131 bir objedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, o, her devirden, her t\u00fcrden masal\u0131ms\u0131 anlat\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7eren ve olabildi\u011fince bir s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya t\u00e2bi tutulmas\u0131 gereken karma\u015f\u0131k bir kitle te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n

\u00d6nce anlat\u0131n\u0131n orijininden gelme bir ayr\u0131m s\u00f6z konusudur: baz\u0131 efsaneler Roma, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturan baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise Hellen orijinlidirler. Ger\u00e7i, bu iki mitoloji aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 temas noktalar\u0131 vard\u0131r \u015f\u00fcphesiz. Ama bunlar, birbirleriyle temasa girmeden \u00f6nce, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 uzunlukta yollar takip etmi\u015flerdir. Yunan mitsel d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, di\u011ferine oranla \u00e7ok daha zengin olup, sonunda, kendi formlar\u0131n\u0131 ona empoze etmi\u015ftir. Ancak, bu, Roma as\u0131ll\u0131 baz\u0131 efsaneleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemize yol a\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Son zamanlarda baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar Roma mitolojisinin en derin tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n Latin \u201c\u0131rk\u201d\u0131n\u0131n tarih \u00f6ncesine kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Gerek antik yazarlar, gerekse olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n bir d\u00f6neme kadar modern yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan tarihsel diye kabul edilen ve \u00f6yle sunulan bir\u00e7ok anlat\u0131n\u0131n, ger\u00e7ekte, akraba dil gruplar\u0131na mensup Hint-Avrupal\u0131 kavimlerin (\u00f6zellikle Keltler ve Hint-\u0130ranl\u0131lar) ortak mal\u0131 olan birtak\u0131m \u00e7ok eski mitsel temalar\u0131n \u201ctarih\u00eele\u015ftirilmi\u015f\u201d kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan ve adaptasyonundan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011filmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n

\u015eimdi de, \u201cklasik\u201d mitolojiyi, formasyonu i\u00e7inde de\u011fil de, elimizdeki belgelerin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumuna g\u00f6re tespit edilmi\u015f bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak alal\u0131m. Bu taktirde de \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin daha az olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Uzmanlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re (ki olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fken ve belirsizdirler), \u015f\u00f6yle bir ayr\u0131m yapabiliriz: as\u0131l mitoslar, \u201ckahramanl\u0131k siklleri\u201d (1), \u201chik\u00e2yeler\u201d, \u201cetiolojik efsaneler\u201d (2), halk masallar\u0131 ve, nihayet, kendi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir amac\u0131 olmayan \u201canekdotlar\u201d. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Yunan mitolojisi ile Roma mitolojisi aras\u0131ndaki farklar ortadan kalkar. Fakat, g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi, en y\u00fcksek formlar (\u00f6zellikle mitoslar ve \u201chik\u00e2yeler\u201d, ya da kahramanl\u0131k siklleri), Yunan mitolojisine, yaln\u0131z ona ait formlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

GELEL\u0130M M\u0130TOS\u2019A… (3)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cMitos\u201d nedir? D\u00fcnyan\u0131n mevcut d\u00fczeninden \u00f6nceki bir d\u00fczenini konu alan ve yerel, ya da s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi (alel\u00e2de etiolojik efsanede oldu\u011fu gibi) de\u011fil de, e\u015fyan\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131na ait organik bir yasay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir anlat\u0131ya, tema\u00fclen \u201cMitos\u201d \u2013dar anlamda- diyoruz. Bu anlamda, herhangi bir m\u00e2ceradan sonra, belli bir yere bir ad veren (\u00f6rne\u011fin bizim Celebitar\u0131k Bo\u011faz\u0131 dedi\u011fimiz yere, \u201cHercules S\u00fctunlar\u0131\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 veren) bir Herakles hik\u00e2yesi bir mitos de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, burada top yek\u00fbn d\u00fcnya d\u00fczenini ilgilendiren bir husus yoktur.<\/p>\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, tufan ve Deukalion ile Pyrra taraf\u0131ndan insan\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 hik\u00e2yesi, tipik bir mitostur; t\u0131pk\u0131, ba\u015fka bir planda, Pandora ile Epimetheus\u2019un m\u00e2ceras\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n

Genellikle iddia edildi\u011finin aksine, mitos, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesini i\u00e7erdi\u011fi zaman bile, mutlaka din\u00ee mahiyette olmak zorunda de\u011fildir. Deukalion mitosunda, Deukalion\u2019un bir k\u00e2hinin emrini yerine getirmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmamas\u0131na ve, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, son tahlilde, tanr\u0131sal iradenin \u00e2leti olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu efsaneye \u201cdin\u00ee\u201d s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 vermekte teredd\u00fct edilecektir. Ger\u00e7i, bu efsanede do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc yollara ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131na vuruluyor s\u00fcphesiz (\u00c7izmeli kedi masal\u0131nda da \u00f6yledir), ama ger\u00e7ekte onun cereyan edebilmesi i\u00e7in \u201ckader\u201din olduk\u00e7a m\u00fcphem (belirsiz) bir r\u0131zas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015feye gerek yoktur.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka mitoslar ise, aksine olarak, bir tanr\u0131sal \u015fahsiyete ve hakik\u00ee anlam\u0131yla dine s\u0131k\u0131ca ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131rlar. Bu\u011fday\u0131n filizlenmesini, boy atmas\u0131n\u0131 ve olgunla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 mistik bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klayan b\u00fct\u00fcn Demeter sikli, Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck mitoslar\u0131ndan biridir. Burada da mitosun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar oynak oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bir anlat\u0131n\u0131n mitos ad\u0131na l\u00e2y\u0131k olabilmesi i\u00e7in, onun, belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, Mahiyetler \u00e2leminde yer alams\u0131 gerekir: mitosun, ar\u0131z\u00ee olan \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131 bu nefreti, onun, Platon\u2019da ve, genellikle, ezel\u00ee ve ebed\u00ee yasalara n\u00fcfuz etmek (ve dahas\u0131 bunu a\u00e7\u0131klamak) h\u0131rs\u0131yla yan\u0131p tutu\u015fan Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011feri izah eder.<\/p>\n

Mitos en geli\u015fmi\u015f [\u00e9volu\u00e9e] \u015fekliyle, b\u00fct\u00fcn Hellenizm s\u00fcresince serpilip yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mitos, Hesiodos\u2019un Theogonia<\/em>\u2019s\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakla birlikte, Homerik poemlerde rastlanan da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k baz\u0131 telmihlerden, onun uzun zamandan beri var oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Mitos, herhangi bir \u201cilkel\u201d d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye tekab\u00fcl etmek \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, felsef\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin en ziyade geli\u015fip serpildi\u011fi zamanlarda dahi, giderek karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015fan \u015fekiller alt\u0131nda, kariyerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmi\u015ftir. Bir Apuleius\u2019un \u0130sis\u00e7i [\u0130sis\u2019le ya da onun k\u00fclt\u00fcyle ilgili] kozmogonisini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim: burada, mitos, \u00e2deta zaman boyunca, derin \u00f6zleyi\u015fini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vuruyor, ifade etti\u011fi realitenin mistik bir tema\u015fas\u0131 (ho\u015flanarak bak\u0131\u015f) halinde serpilip geli\u015fiyor gibidir. Anlat\u0131, art\u0131k varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hesaba kat\u0131lmayabilecek bir dayanaktan, bir tensel giysiden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Teorisyenler uzun s\u00fcre, mitosla \u201ckahramanl\u0131k siklleri\u201dni birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birbirinden gere\u011fince ay\u0131ramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa, aradaki fark olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bir kahramanl\u0131k sikli, birli\u011fini yaln\u0131zca ba\u015f kahraman\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi olmas\u0131nda bulan bir dizi hikayeden olu\u015fur. Bu kahramanl\u0131k sikllerinin en h\u00e2lis \u00f6rne\u011fi, Herakles siklidir. Herakles, hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde bir \u201cmitos\u201d de\u011fildir. Onun efsanelerinin g\u00fcne\u015fe ait ya da, daha genel olarak, nat\u00fcrist t\u00fcrden eski a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir. Herakles\u2019in maceralar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00fczeniyle ilgili bir yan\u0131 yoktur. O, art\u0131k s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f bir yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde hayata gelir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015flerden hi\u00e7birinin en ufak kozmik bir anlam\u0131 yoktur: ama g\u00f6k kubbeyi omuzlar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131 denecek. Kabul! Ama, bu, onun fiziksel g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlamaya y\u00f6nelik ba\u015far\u0131dan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. G\u00f6kkubbe bu y\u00fczden herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fram\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Herakles, sadece, filozoflar\u0131n spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131nda ahlak\u00ee bir \u00f6rnek de\u011feri kazan\u0131r; ama, olduk\u00e7a ge\u00e7 olarak…<\/p>\n

**************<\/p>\n

Derken esrarl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde odaya g\u00f6z gezdirdi b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc. Baz\u0131 sesler duymu\u015ftu ve hisleri aniden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\n\u201c\u0130\u015fte bekledi\u011finiz ki\u015fi geldi\u201d dedi aniden, gen\u00e7lerin \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmas\u0131na zaman kalmadan borazan sesi duyuldu ve takdimci kart sesiyle ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cMajesteleri Kral Arthur\u201d
\nSonunda gelmi\u015fti ve anlatacaklar\u0131 vard\u0131…<\/p>\n

DESTAN KAHRAMANI: KRAL ARTHUR<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarihsel Arka plan<\/strong><\/p>\n

Britanya\u2019n\u0131n efsanevi b\u00fcy\u00fck kahraman\u0131 Kral Arthur\u2019un \u00f6yk\u00fcleri sekiz y\u00fcz y\u0131ldan uzun bir s\u00fcredir yayg\u0131nd\u0131r, ama bilim adamlar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek Arthur hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey \u00f6\u011frenebildiler. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f hi\u00e7bir kan\u0131t bulunamad\u0131. Yak\u0131n zamandaki bulgular Arthur\u2019un \u0130.S 454-470 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, Riothamus (4) diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki bir Britanya kral\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Efsanevi Kral Arthur gibi Riothamus 12.000 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131dan olu\u015fan bir orduyla Galya\u2019ya y\u00fcr\u00fcyor. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir cesaretle sava\u015f\u0131yor ama Burgundy\u2019de Gothlara kar\u015f\u0131 yeniliyor. (\u00dcz\u00fclsem mi, sevinsem mi?) Gothlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnden \u00e7ekilirken bug\u00fcn de h\u00e2l\u00e2 duran Avallon denilen bir Frans\u0131z kasabas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7iyor.<\/p>\n

Kimi bilimadamlar\u0131, ger\u00e7ek Arthur\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Arturius adl\u0131, 500-517 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda istilac\u0131 Saksonlara kar\u015f\u0131 zafer kazanm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00fcvari generali oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ne olursa olsun, ger\u00e7ek Arthur, hem kendi d\u00f6neminde hem de sonraki y\u0131llarda \u00f6ylesine ilgi \u00e7ekici bir ki\u015filikli, Gal folklorunda onun ad\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f s\u00f6zl\u00fc bir gelenek var. Alt\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda Jordanes, on birinci y\u00fczy\u0131lda William adl\u0131 birilerinin yazd\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fimdi bu malzemeye eklenmektedir.<\/p>\n

Arthur; edebiyatta ilk olarak \u0130.S 1136\u2019da Latince yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Monmouth\u2019lu Geoffrey\u2019nin \u201cHistoria Regun Britanniae<\/em>\u201d (5) kitab\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Geoffrey, Britanya tarihi \u00fczerine bir kitaba gereksinim duyuldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Arthur zaten Gal \u00fclkesinin s\u00f6zl\u00fc gelene\u011finde yayg\u0131n bir konuydu. \u0130.\u00d6 1200 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u0130.S 689 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 1900 y\u0131l\u0131 kapsayan tarih kitab\u0131nda Geoffrey, Arthur\u2019u ba\u015f ki\u015fi yapmay\u0131 se\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n

Geoffrey\u2019in toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 malzemeler i\u00e7in kaynak belirtmesine kar\u015f\u0131n bilimadamlar\u0131 onun o g\u00fcnk\u00fc gelene\u011fi izledi\u011fine ve folklor ile kendi d\u00fc\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rtmek i\u00e7in uydurma kaynaklar yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131yor. (Tabi bu ne kadar do\u011fru tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r) Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc onun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, tarihten \u00f6nceki edebiyat olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn Britanya adalar\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck Britanya Kral\u0131 Arthur\u2019un yarat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 Geoffrey\u2019e bor\u00e7luyuz. Geoffrey\u2019nin yorumunda Arthur, yoklu\u011funda krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren ye\u011feniyle sava\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yurduna \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lmasayd\u0131 Roma\u2019y\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irebilirdi. Geoffrey, Arhur\u2019un ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011fumunu ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc; g\u00fczel ama vefass\u0131z kar\u0131s\u0131 Geuenevere\u2019i; b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc Merlin\u2019i ve \u015f\u00f6valyelik kavram\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fcnyaya tan\u0131t\u0131r. Geoffrey, Arthur\u2019un daha \u00e7ok asker olan y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama, ba\u015fka yazarlar\u0131n daha derinden ilgilenmeleri i\u00e7in esin kayana\u011f\u0131 olabilecek konular\u0131 da \u2013Merlin, Guenevere, b\u00fcy\u00fc ve soyluluk kavram\u0131n\u0131- yeteri kadar kitab\u0131nda i\u00e7ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Geoffrey\u2019in tarihi \u00f6ylesine iyi yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ki yaln\u0131zca kendi d\u00f6neminde de\u011fil sonraki ku\u015faklarda da ilgi \u00e7ekmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l yazarlar\u0131 i\u00e7in h\u00e2l\u00e2 ana kaynaklard\u0131r bunlar. \u015eair Robert Wace, \u0130.S 1155 y\u0131l\u0131nda Geoffrey\u2019in tarihini serbest bir bi\u00e7imde Norman-Frans\u0131z diline \u00e7evirdi. Kitapta Arthur\u2019un ge\u00e7ti\u011fi b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri \u00e7o\u011faltt\u0131, yeni kaynaklar kulland\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya daha sarayl\u0131 bir tat katt\u0131. Yuvarlak Masa\u2019ya ilk kez de\u011finen Wace oldu.<\/p>\n

Wace\u2019in \u015fiirini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131ndan sonra Chretien de Troyes, Kral Arthur\u2019un saray\u0131nda ge\u00e7en be\u015f romans yazd\u0131. Frans\u0131z olan Chretien, Kral Arthur\u2019un Britanya ulusal kahraman\u0131 ya da istilalar kral\u0131 olmas\u0131yla fazla ilgilenmedi. Bunun yerine a\u015f\u0131k ve \u015f\u00f6valyelerin bulundu\u011fu ve Arthur\u2019un y\u00f6netti\u011fi \u015f\u00f6valyelik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 dile getirdi. Chretion, kad\u0131n\u0131n erke\u011fe \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011fu ve a\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n sevgilisinin isteklerine b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle uydu\u011fu sarayl\u0131 a\u015fk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini tan\u0131tt\u0131. Lancelot<\/em>\u2019ta, Lancelot ve Guenevere aras\u0131ndaki a\u015fk ilk kez g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. Chretio\u0131n \u00f6ylesine iyi bir \u00f6yk\u00fc yazar\u0131yd\u0131 ki romanslar\u0131 geni\u015f \u00e7evrelerde okundu ve taklitleri yaz\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kral Arhut, son olarak \u0130ngiliz dilinde \u0130.S 1205 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fair Layamon\u2019un, Wace\u2019in \u015fiirlerini orta d\u00f6nem \u0130ngilizcesi denen d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flar\u0131nda serbest bir bi\u00e7imde \u00e7evirdi\u011fi zaman g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Layamon, Wace\u2019in \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcne daha \u00e7ok ayr\u0131nt\u0131 ekledi ve Arthur\u2019un cesaretinin ve ser\u00fcven a\u015fk\u0131n\u0131n vurgulanmas\u0131yla \u00f6yk\u00fcye belirgin bir \u0130ngiliz \u00e7e\u015fni katt\u0131. Manmouth\u2019lu Geoffrey gibi Layamon da bir yurtseverdi, bunun i\u00e7in Cheritien\u2019in Arthur \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn romantik yorumunu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmeyi ye\u011fledi.<\/p>\n

Kral Arthur \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131m\u0131 daha var. Ond\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda \u0130ngilizce olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Morte Arthure<\/em>. Konu yine Arthur\u2019un ki\u015fili\u011finde ulusal kahramanl\u0131kt\u0131, ma\u011frur sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kral b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kahraman olarak sunuluyordu. Yazar a\u015fk, \u015f\u00f6valyelik ya da \u015f\u00f6valyeler saray\u0131na hi\u00e7 ilgi g\u00f6stermemi\u015fti. \u00d6yk\u00fcde, Sir Gawain, Arthur\u2019un ba\u015f \u015f\u00f6valyesidir ve Lancelot k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir role sahiptir. Bu sunu\u015f Frans\u0131z destan\u0131 Chanson de Roland<\/em> ve Anglo-Saxon destan\u0131 Beowulf<\/em>\u2019a benzemektedir.<\/p>\n

Uzun y\u0131llar sonra 1485\u2019te Sir Thomas Malory, Kral Arthur \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn son bi\u00e7imi olan Le Morte D\u2019arthur<\/em>\u2019u yazd\u0131. Malory, Manmouth\u2019lu Geoffrey\u2019in \u0130ngiliz gelene\u011fini ve Chretien de Troyes\u2019in Frans\u0131z gelene\u011fini birle\u015ftirdi. Malory\u2019nin anlat\u0131m\u0131nda, Kral Arthur, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender gibi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan biri oluyor. Roma\u2019da krall\u0131k tac\u0131 giyene dek \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye geri d\u00f6nm\u00fcyor Malory, Morderd\u2019in ihanetini ve Guenevere\u2019in sadakatsizli\u011fini Geoffrey\u2019den aktar\u0131yor ama bunu Guenevere ve Lancelot aras\u0131ndaki a\u015fk ili\u015fkisiyle birle\u015ftiriyor. Ayr\u0131ca, Arthur\u2019un ba\u015f \u015f\u00f6valyelerinin bir\u00e7ok \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc katarak Arthur\u2019un saray\u0131n\u0131n resmini geni\u015fletiyor. \u0130ngiliz tarihinin bu romantik anlat\u0131m\u0131nda, Yuvarlak Masa\u2019n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 bir\u00e7ok ya\u015fam\u0131 trajediyle y\u00fczle\u015ftiriyor ve alt\u0131n bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 noktal\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Arthur Kahramanlar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le Morte Arthur<\/em>\u2019da, temel karakterler kahraman aristokratlard\u0131r. O toplumda yaln\u0131zca soylu do\u011fan biri \u015f\u00f6valye olabilirdi. Gen\u00e7 bir o\u011flan \u00e7ocu\u011fu oldu\u011funda kad\u0131nlara nas\u0131l e\u015flik edece\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenir, gen\u00e7 bir \u015f\u00f6valye oldu\u011funda gerekli sava\u015f becerilerini \u00f6\u011frenir, b\u00f6ylece onlu ya\u015flar\u0131n sonunda \u015f\u00f6valyelik yolunda olgunla\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bir adam \u015f\u00f6valye oldu\u011funda, kendini belirli de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re ya\u015famakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131lan bir and i\u00e7er. Krala, yak\u0131nlar\u0131na ve arkada\u015flar\u0131na, sevdi\u011fi kad\u0131na sad\u0131k olmas\u0131 beklenir. \u00d6zellikle de kad\u0131nlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda nazik ve kibar olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca bir sava\u015fta efendisi i\u00e7in \u00e7arp\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, bir yar\u0131\u015fma ya da turnuvaya kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ya da zordaki arkada\u015flar\u0131na ya da kad\u0131nlara yard\u0131m ederken, her zaman cesur olmas\u0131 beklenir; \u00f6yle bir bi\u00e7imde ya\u015famal\u0131d\u0131r ki, di\u011fer soylular ona sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stersin. Sorun, bu farkl\u0131 de\u011ferleri en az \u00e7eli\u015fkiyle dengelemekti.<\/p>\n

Sarayl\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n, genellikle evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u015fk oldu\u011funu anlamak gerekir. Chretien ve Malory\u2019nin edebiyatta dile getirdi\u011fi toplumda ve ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyada, soylular aras\u0131 evlilikler, gen\u00e7 \u00e7iftlerin aileleri ya da y\u00f6neten ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan, siyasal, toplumsal ya da ekonomik nedenlerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Evlenen ki\u015filerin duygular\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmaz ve bo\u015fanma yoktur. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, evli bir insan i\u00e7in, a\u015fk\u0131, evlilik d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ili\u015fkide bulmak rastlanmad\u0131k bir durum de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fl\u0131ca Karakterler<\/p>\n

Brutus:<\/strong> Aeneas\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck torunu; Troya s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerini Britanya\u2019ya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr ve krall\u0131k kurar.
\nAurelius Ambrosias:<\/strong> Kral Konstantin\u2019in o\u011flu; Uther Pendragon\u2019un a\u011fabeyi; Britanya Kral\u0131; \u201cStonehange<\/em>\u201d yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131.
\nUther Pendragon:<\/strong> Kral Konstantin\u2019in o\u011flu; Aurelius Ambrosias\u2019\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi; Britanya Kral\u0131; Igraine\u2019in kocas\u0131; Arthur\u2019un babas\u0131.
\nIgraine:<\/strong> Cownwall D\u00fck\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kar\u0131s\u0131; daha sonra Uther Pendragon\u2019un kar\u0131s\u0131 ve Britanya Krali\u00e7esi; Arthur ve Margaawse\u2019in annesi.
\nArthur:<\/strong> Kral Uther Pendragon ve Krali\u00e7e Igraine\u2019in o\u011flu; Guenevere\u2019in kocas\u0131; Mordred\u2019in babas\u0131; Britanya Kral\u0131; Yuvarlak Masa \u015e\u00f6valyelerinin kurucusu.
\nEctor:<\/strong> Arthur\u2019un babal\u0131\u011f\u0131.
\nKay:<\/strong> Ector\u2019un o\u011flu; Arthur\u2019un karde\u015fli\u011fi; Yuvarlak Masa \u015e\u00f6valyesi.
\nGuenevere:<\/strong> Kral Leodegrance\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131; Kral Arthur\u2019un kar\u0131s\u0131; Britanya Krali\u00e7esi.
\nMerlin:<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc ve kahin; \u00fc\u00e7 Britanya Kral\u0131, Ambrosias Aurelius, Uther Pendragon ve Arthur\u2019un dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131.
\nLucius Hiberus:<\/strong> Arthur s\u00f6yleninde, Arthur yenip yerine ge\u00e7ene kadar Roma \u0130mparatoru.
\nMargawse:<\/strong> Kral Uther Pendragon ve Krali\u00e7e Igraine\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131; Kral Arthur\u2019un k\u0131zkarde\u015fi; Kral Orkney\u2019li Lot\u2019un kar\u0131s\u0131; Kral Arthur\u2019dan Mordred\u2019in, Kral Lot\u2019tan Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris ve Gareth\u2019in annesi.
\nMordred:<\/strong> Kral Arthur ve k\u0131zkarde\u015fi Krali\u00e7e Margawse\u2019in o\u011flu, Gawain ve Agravain\u2019in \u00fcvey karde\u015fi; Yuvarlak Masa \u015e\u00f6valyesi.
\nGawain:<\/strong> Kral Arthur\u2019un ye\u011feni ve en sevdi\u011fi \u015f\u00f6valyelerden biri; Krali\u00e7e Margawse ile Kral Orkney\u2019li Lot\u2019un o\u011flu; Agravain, Gaheris ve Gareth\u2019in karde\u015fi; Mordred\u2019in \u00fcvey karde\u015fi; Yuvarlak Masa\u2019n\u0131n ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck kral\u0131.
\nAgravain:<\/strong> Krali\u00e7e Margawse ile Kral Lot\u2019un o\u011flu; Gawain\u2019in karde\u015fi; Mordred\u2019in \u00fcvey karde\u015fi ve arkada\u015f\u0131; Yuvarlak Masa \u015e\u00f6valyesi.
\nGaheris:<\/strong> Krali\u00e7e Mawgawse ve Kral Lot\u2019un o\u011flu; Gawain ve Agravain\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi; Yuvarlak Masa \u015e\u00f6valyesi.
\nGareth:<\/strong> Krali\u00e7e Margawse ve Kral Lot\u2019un o\u011flu; Gawain ve Agravain\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi; Yuvarlak Masa \u015e\u00f6valyesi.
\nLancelot:<\/strong> Benwick\u2019li Kral Ban\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu; Yuvarlak Masa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015f\u00f6valyesi; Kral Arthur\u2019un en sevdi\u011fi iki \u015f\u00f6valyeden biri; Krali\u00e7e Guenevere\u2019in en sevdi\u011fi \u015f\u00f6valye ve taraftar\u0131.
\nBors:<\/strong> Galli Kral Bors\u2019un o\u011flu; Lancelot\u2019un ye\u011feni; Yuvarlak Masa \u015e\u00f6valyesi.
\nPellinor:<\/strong> Yuvarlak Masa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015f\u00f6valyelerinden.
\nBedivere:<\/strong>Yuvarlak Masa \u015f\u00f6valyesi; Kral Arthur\u2019u canl\u0131 g\u00f6ren son \u015f\u00f6valye.<\/p>\n

NOTLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) Sikl:<\/strong> Ayn\u0131 bir konuyu, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 ki\u015filerle i\u015fleyen destan\u00ee poemler dizisi.<\/em>
\n(2) Etiolojik:<\/strong> Bir fenomenin, bir ismin, bir kurumun, ve. Anlam\u0131n\u0131 baz\u0131 olaylarla (ger\u00e7ek ya da mitsel) a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir anlat\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan deyim. <\/em>
\n(3) Mitos:<\/strong> (S\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131) Geleneksel olarak yay\u0131lan veya toplumun hayal g\u00fcc\u00fc etkisiyle bi\u00e7im de\u011fi\u015ftiren, tanr\u0131, tanr\u0131\u00e7a, evrenin do\u011fu\u015fu ile ilgili hayali, alegorik bir anlat\u0131m\u0131 olan halk hikayesi.<\/em>
\n(4) Riothamus:<\/strong> Y\u00fcce kral anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/em>
\n(5) Britanya Krallar\u0131 Tarihi.<\/p>\n

\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong> <\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

– Pierre Grimal \u201cMitoloji S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d (Yunan ve Roma) [Sosyal Yay\u0131nlar]
\n– Donna Rosenberg \u201cD\u00fcnya Mitolojisi\u201d [\u0130mge kitabevi]<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
An\u0131l \u201cGrave Digger(Hank)\u201d Selvi<\/span>
\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

(Bu yaz\u0131 lostlibrary.org<\/strong> sitesinden, yay\u0131nc\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n izni al\u0131narak yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Britanya Adalar\u0131 S\u00f6ylenleri BR\u0130TANYA ADALARI S\u00d6YLENLER\u0130 \/ \u0130ngiltere \u2013 Fransa Korkak sonsuza dek ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131r Sava\u015fta geri durursa. Oysa ya\u015fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 huzuru kalmayacakt\u0131r, M\u0131zraklardan can\u0131n\u0131 kurtarm\u0131\u015f olsa da. S\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar \u00f6l\u00fcr, akrabalar \u00f6l\u00fcr, Herkes \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr: Ama biliyorum \u00f6lmeyen tek \u015fey vard\u0131r, B\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015flerin g\u00f6rkemi. Eski Adda, \u201cY\u00fcce Olan\u0131n S\u00f6zleri\u201d P.B. Taylor ve W.H. Auden\u2019den B\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015flerin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":59,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3905","page","type-page","status-publish"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3905","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3905"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3905\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kayiprihtim.org\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3905"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}